The menisci are crescent-shaped collagen structures located between the femur and the tibia, providing stability by absorbing loads during movement. During activities such as walking or running, the menisci help distribute loads evenly and prevent premature wear of the articular cartilage. They also contribute to knee stability. When a meniscus is damaged or torn, knee function can be seriously impaired, as the loads are not properly absorbed and cartilage wear may progress more rapidly.
Meniscus tears may be acute or chronic. Acute tears usually occur in young athletes during twisting movements, while chronic tears are more common in older individuals and are typically associated with repetitive use of the knee. Patients often report pain and recurrent joint effusion.
The most common site of meniscus tears is the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. However, several different tear patterns may occur in either the medial or lateral meniscus.
The shape, size, and stability of the tear determine the severity of symptoms, range of motion limitation, and pain intensity.
Diagnosis is made through clinical examination by an orthopedic specialist to assess swelling and tenderness in the knee. Clinical tests such as McMurray’s test and the Thessaly test can confirm a tear.
For confirmation and detailed evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used, which can also detect cartilage damage. MRI has very high sensitivity in identifying meniscal tears.
Conservative treatment may be considered for small, stable, or degenerative tears and includes observation and physiotherapy for 2–3 months. If symptoms persist, surgery may be necessary. Small tears near the meniscal capsule may heal spontaneously, whereas larger tears in the avascular zone are less likely to heal.
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Surgical treatment is advised when symptoms persist beyond 2–3 months or if the tear causes knee locking. Surgery is also necessary when there are associated ligament injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, which destabilizes the knee.
The choice of surgical method depends on the nature of the tear. Partial meniscectomy involves the removal of only the damaged portion of the meniscus, whereas meniscus repair aims to restore the meniscus using sutures. The choice between these methods depends on factors such as the size and location of the tear.
The choice between these techniques depends on factors such as the size and location of the tear. In some cases, such as in young patients who have undergone partial meniscectomy and developed early cartilage damage, meniscus transplantation may be required. This involves transplanting healthy meniscal tissue from a donor.
Proper management of a meniscus tear reduces the risk of progressive cartilage damage and the development of arthritis in the future. After surgery, patients undergo rehabilitation programs including exercises and physiotherapy to regain knee strength and mobility.
Surgical treatment for a meniscus tear typically requires one day of hospitalization, with the patient discharged the following day. Surgery is performed under general or spinal anesthesia.
Recovery after meniscus surgery varies depending on the type of procedure and severity of the condition:
Partial Meniscectomy:
Meniscus Repair:
It is essential to follow your doctor’s instructions and adhere to the prescribed rehabilitation program, as each case is unique.
A meniscus tear may result from twisting movements or age-related degeneration.
Pain, swelling, and a sensation of locking in the knee are common symptoms.
Depending on the type of injury, treatment may involve physiotherapy or arthroscopic surgery.
Following arthroscopy, patients can typically return to daily activities within 4–6 weeks.
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